Section 4: Physical Chemistry a) Acids, Alkalis and Salts 4.1 describe the use of indicators litmus, phenolpthalein and methyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions Litmus paper: red in acidic solutions, purple in neutral solutions, blue in alkaline solutions Phenolpthalein: colourless in acidic solutions, pink in alkaline solutions Methyl orange: red in acidic solutions, yellow in alkaline solutions 4.2 understand how the pH scale, from 0-14, can be used to classify solutions as strongly acidic, weakly acidic, weakly alkaline or strongly alkaline Strongly acidic: pH of 0-2 Weakly acidic: pH of 3-6 Neutral: pH of 7 Weakly alkaline: pH pf 8-10 Strongly alkaline: pH of 11-14 4.3 describe the use of universal indicator to measure the approximate pH value of a solution Add a few drops of universal indicator to the sample Mix and compare the colour produced to the pH scale 4.4 define acids as sourced of hydrogen (H+) ions, ...
Section 3: Organic Chemistry a) Introduction 3.1 Explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism Homologous series: a group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula The members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties and have trends in physical properties (eg as the chain length increases, the boiling point increases) Hydrocarbon: a molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms Saturated: all possible bonds that could be formed in the molecule, are already formed Unsaturated : more bonds can be made in the molecule General formula: can be used to work out the molecular formula of any compound in the homologous series Isomerism: when molecules have an identical molecular formula but different structural formulae b) Alkanes 3.2 recall that alkanes have the general formula C n H 2n+2 General formula of alkanes is C n H 2n+2 Alkanes are s...